呼和浩特市玉泉区居民食盐摄入量干预前后比较

张 荣 何武伟 王 磊
（内蒙古医学院基础医学院2002级， 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010059）
摘要：目的：对30岁以上人群食盐摄入量进行干预，使其控制在合理范围之内。方法：对干预人群定期进行宣传教育，追踪调查。结果：干预人群干预前食盐摄入量平均为8.13±3.06克/人/日，干预后为6.53±1.74克/人/日，干预前后平均食盐摄入量差异有极显著性（P<0.01）。结论：卫生健康教育和健康促进的干预效果明显。
关键词：食盐摄入量；干预；居民
中图分类号：R 151 文献标识码：
The Comparison of salt intake of residents in yuquan community in Hohhot
Abstract: Aim: work on the intake of salt to people who are over 30 years old in order to control it in a reasonable range. Method: teach and educate a certain group of people, and later do investigations and see the results Result: before interfering the salt intake of people was 8.13±3.06 gram / person/day; after the interfering, it turns out to be 6.53±1.74 gram/person/day. As we see, the achievement is obvious (P<0.01). Conclusion:the effect of health education and health improvement is obvious.
Key words: the intake of salt; interfere; residents
食盐是人们生活中必不可少的调味品，是为人体提供钠的重要来源，其主要成分是氯化钠（NaCl）。食盐能使蔬菜组织中吸出水分，使其内部组织紧密并抑制微生物活动，杀死有害菌起防腐作用。
世界卫生组织（WHO）建议，一般人群平均食盐量应控制在6~8g/d以下，然而食盐摄入量过多是我国居民膳食存在的主要问题之一，我国居民食盐摄入量的是WHO建议的平均值二倍以上[1]。摄取过多的钠盐是导致高血压的重要危险因素之一[2]，除此之外，过多的钠盐还易引起感冒、心力衰竭、骨质疏松、肾结石及胃炎等[1]。
1 对象与方法
1.1 对象 在呼和浩特玉泉区民和花园416户893人，对有正式户口，长期居住，年龄≥30岁的居民，以户为单位，不分性别整群随机抽取33人。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 食盐的发放与测量 ：以户为单位，每户发内蒙古自治区盐业公司呼和浩特分公司生产的精制盐1000g，过30天后称其剩余食盐量，可以求得本月全家人的食盐总摄入量，其中未计算酱油和咸菜的含盐量。
1.2.2 人日均食盐摄入量的计算：人日均食盐摄入量（以氯化钠计）=每户食盐总摄入量/就餐人日数（就餐人日数以实际就餐人数、日数计算）
1.2.3 干预措施 ：测量血压、身高、体重，定期对样本人群进行高盐饮食危害的宣传教育，其中第一次制作展板，口述宣传高盐饮食的危害性；第二次制作宣传手册、讲座，加大对高盐饮食危害性的宣传力度。
1.2.4 数据处理 数据采用 ±s表示，组间比较采用t检验。
2 结果
玉泉区居民干预前食盐摄入量为8.13±3.06克/人/日，干预后食盐摄入量为6.53±1.74克/人/日，干预后居民日均食盐摄入量低于干预前居民日均食盐摄入量，对配对资料进行假设检验，得t=3.250，p<0.01。
3 讨论
3.1 对本次调查方法可行性的讨论
传统方法只有获得居民膳食中全部钠离子含量方能推算出钠盐摄入量。此法虽精确，但需称量调查期间居民食用的全部食物，不仅消耗大量的人力、物力，而且易使被调查者产生抵触情绪。本次调查只选用食盐的摄入量做调查指标，未考虑其它含钠食品，尽管调查结果不是钠盐摄入总量，但能显示出相对水平，可反映居民食盐摄入量的变化情况，进而对于干预工作的效果进行评价。从此意义上讲，此种调查方法不失为一种花费少、效率高、简便易行的方法，在同样的项目中有一定推广价值。
3.2 对干预工作的效果评价
我国公共营养学会根据国人的自身特点，在“我国的膳食指南”中提出了“食不过咸”的原则，建议每人食盐食用量以不超过10.0g/d为宜[3]。有研究表明，北方地区居民食盐摄入量约为15.0g/d左右，但目前尚无呼和浩特地区居民食盐摄入量较准确数据。本次调查结果表明，经干预后居民食盐摄入量明显低于干预前，说明干预工作取得了显著成效，如能开展连续动态监测，可反映居民食盐摄入量的变化趋势，进而可对干预工作的持续性效果进行评价，虽然玉泉区居民食盐直接摄入量为8.13±3.06g，但从食盐摄入来源看，因城市居民膳食来源丰富，收入较高，生活方便，外购食品成品较多[4]，食盐总摄入量可高于已计算的食盐摄入量，以此为今后进一步开展干预活动提供明确目标。
参考文献
[1] 彭霞, 杨明. 饮食中食盐摄入量对健康的影响[J]. 辽宁中医学院学报, 1999; 1(2): 142-143.
[2] 耿贯一. 钠盐与高血压关系的探讨. 天津四病预防与控制，1990; 2: 1.
[3] 我国的膳食指南[J]. 营养学报, 1990; 12(1): 10.
[4] 孙访欧, 陈煜, 张宝马. 扬州地区居民食盐摄入量及其与高血压发病关系[J]. 上海预防医学杂志, 1995; 7(9): 399-400.
The Comparison of salt intake of residents in
yuquan community in Hohhot
Abstract: Aim: work on the intake of salt to people who are over 30 years old in order to control it in a reasonable range. Method: teach and educate a certain group of people, and later do investigations and see the results Result: before interfering the salt intake of people was 8.13±3.06 gram / person/day; after the interfering, it turns out to be 6.53±1.74 gram/person/day. As we see, the achievement is obvious (P<0.01). Conclusion:the effect of health education and health improvement is obvious.
Key words: the intake of salt; interfere; residents

Salt is a kind of necessary spice in people’s daily life. People get Na moinly from the salt. The main ingredient of salt is Nacl. In addition, salt can help to drain water from vegetables so that the tissue inside can be kept tight. And salt can also help to kill germs in order to preserve the vegetables.
According to the world Health Organizition’s(WHO) suggestion, the salt intake should be controlled below 6-8 g/d. Howerer, overtaking salt is one of the main problems for residents in China. Their salt intake is more than two times than the suggested in take offered by WHO. Taking too much salt is one of the dangerous factors which can lead to bypertension. Besides, too much salt taking can also result in cold, heart failure, osteoporosis and gastritis, etc.
Objects and methods:
Objects: 893 residents from 416 families in Yu quan community in Hohhot. Those people are living there for a long time. We choose the ones who are over 30 years old both male and remale. We regard families as units and choose 33 people in groups at random.
Methods: ①distributing the salt and measurement: Families are regardedas units. Each family can get 1000g salt made by Hohhot salt company. 30 days later, we'll measure the rest of the salt. Then we can calculate the total intake of the family. The salt from soy sauce and salted vegetables is not included.
②calculate the salt intake for each person per day: the salt intake for each person per day (Nacl)=the total salt intake for each family/the number of people and days (according to the fact).
③interference: measure the bloodpressure, the height and the weight. Give lectures to people on how to eat salt in a healthy way regularly. For the first time, we put up a poster and told the residents that too much salt could do harm to health. For the second time, we gave people handbooks and held a lecture in order to impress those residents.
④deal with the data: ±s t-test
Results: Before the interference,the salt intake of people from that community was 8.13±3.06 g/d for each person.After the interference,the result turned out to be 6.53±1.74g/d for each person.Obviously,we have achieved something.As we see the result,t=3.250 p<0.01.
Discussion:
① We can get the salt intake only by measuring all the Na+ from people’s diet
according to the old traditional method. Although it’s accurate, it will cost a lot
of money, time and laborforce. In addition, the residents are not willing to be
involved. In this investigation, We just regard salt intake as the measurement
and neglect other food which also contains salt. But it can still tell the results.
In this sense, this method is a good one which is cheap, efficient and easy. And it’s alse available to apply this method to other projects.
② According to the Chinese’s feature, the Nutrition Association suggests that Chinese people should eat relatively mild food and each person should take salt≤10g/d. Certain survey reveals that people in the north take salt about 15g/d. However, there’s on exact data to tell people’s salt intake in Hohhot. Our investigation demostrates that we have been successful in interverence through the comparison of the residents salt intake. If we can go on with our work, we will see the changes of people’s salt intake little by little. As a result, we’ll get a better result on our project. Residents’ salt intake in this community is 8.13±3.06g, but we should pay attention to the origins of the salt. Because people in the city can enjoy food of all kinds and their income is also high. Most of the food is bought. They may eat more salt than we expect. Based on this, we are sure what we shoud do to improve people’s health in the future. That’s to say, we’ll have a further aim from now on .